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Jealousy among siblings



If you have your brothers and sisters, and you remember your younger days with them, you will perhaps know what it means by envious relationship. But, if you are a single child, then you will definitely take jealousy in a literal way. But this envious relationship among siblings is not what actually jealousy is described as. 

Then what is this envy really like? Do you remember you feeling bad when your brother got better marks than yours in terminal examination and was gifted a beautiful instrument box, or your sister got more beautiful dress for last dashain but not you because you couldn't find one of your size, or your mother scolded you for messing up your room while that of your sister, which remained dirty usually, was exceptionally clean today? 

If you read these lines again then you will realize that in each case, the mistakes are yours. You realize it today because you are grown up now, but then? Then how many times did you realize that you are the actual wrong? Then you always grunted and groaned over the situation and over others too. And when it came to your brothers and sisters, you both would raise your voice on top of others when it came to complaining about each other in front of your parents. You hurry home to tell your parents that your sister was sent out of class because she forgot one of her textbooks to school today, or your brother torn his new shirt in a fight with his friends. 

For single child, you may feel lucky that you don't need to share with others and you get everything in whole. But, you instead miss a lot of things, because when they buy a new thing, it means you also have got a new one too. Do you remember you wore your elder sister's t-shirt in your first friends gathering and felt so high? Definitely she didn't allow her dress to you at the beginning, but then you got clever and talked to her in very polite words (else you never do it!!). But she is also not that naive and made you do one of her work before letting you wear that dress. (But yes, she always gave you her dress even though she shouted at the beginning, didn't she?) You always felt high wearing her dress than wearing yours own. Don't lie to me saying that you never crept to your elder sister's dressing room and wore her make-up when she was not at home, or you were never desperate to get that sports jersey of your brother, though he has been wearing it for many years now. And can you tell me how many times in your life you committed you are not going to talk with him or her ever and landed up asking a favor from them?

If your teacher gifted you a pen for standing first in class, you don't have to wait for your parents to return back because your sister or brother will always be there to hear you. They are those wonderful friends with whom you can share even those small incidents like you were the only in your class to be able to answer your teacher's question today. I don't say that I have never hurt my sister in our relationship. I do hurt her, but its not because I hate her but because I am the only one who tells her those things about her which none of her friends say, which she doesn't want to hear, but is actually true

When you have your brothers and sisters, you grow in a better way and you become more social. It is because in a group you get into the habit of sharing as you realize you get more care when you share more. 

Even after knowing all these things, I still hide my brother's favourite music CD when he misplaces my class picnic photos; even though when I know that, he will suspect me at the first place when he does not find his CD in his table. I still do eat fast to get the remote control ahead of my sister so that I don't have to miss the game show in the TV (else if remote is in her hand I must watch music programme as per her wish!!). 

I do all this not only because I love them but also because I really do enjoy this envious relationship.


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Santa Should Change His Image Says Public Health Expert



Written by: Catharine Paddock, PhD
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174410.php

Santa should change his image: he should get off his sleigh and walk, lose weight, eat the carrots children leave out for the reindeer and forego the sherry and mince pie, and generally stop promoting obesity, drink driving and unhealthy living, suggests a public health expert from Australia.

Grills writes that:

"Santa only needs to affect health by 0.1 per cent to damage millions of lives."

We should be using his popularity to promote healthy living urges Grills, who backs up his argument with a review of literature and web-based material on the jolly fat man's potential negative impact on public health (funnily enough he found no peer-reviewed papers on this).

Grills concluded there is a high level of awareness of Santa among children: for instance he is more familiar to American schoolchildren than Ronald McDonald, an image that is heavily promoted in US and other countries to make children associate McDonald's food with happiness.

Santa's image is also used to sell, and sometimes he is depicted promoting products that cause harm, says Grills, and the impact is global.

"Like Coca-Cola, Santa has become a major export item to the developing world", he writes.

Grills also points out that:
Christmas cards often portray Santa smoking a pipe or cigar.

Santa promotes drink-driving: since he must sup gallons of brandy as he does his rounds on Christmas Eve.

Despite portraying himself as a high speed air traveller, you never see him wearing a seat belt or helmet.

As well as high speed travel, Santa could be accused of promoting other dangerous activities such as roof surfing and chimney jumping.

The jolly man spreads diseases: assuming he sneezes or coughs around 10 times a day, think of how many children may end up with swine flu after sitting on his lap making their Christmas wishes.
Grills suggests it's about time we update Santa's image and start portraying him differently: how about walking on a treadmill?

Should Santa be thinking about retiring Rudolph, Donner and Blitzen, donning a track suit and cycling his way across the skies?


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community participation for reducing maternal mortality



Emphasis to community participation in Alma Ata declaration
Participation in health care was a key principle in the Alma-Ata Declaration. In developing countries, antenatal, delivery, and postnatal experiences for women usually take place in communities rather than health facilities. Strategies to improve maternal and child health should therefore involve the community as a complement to any facility-based component.
The fourth article of the Declaration stated that, "people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care", and the seventh article stated that primary health care "requires and promotes maximum community and individual self-reliance and participation in the planning, organization, operation and control of primary health care".

Status of women in the world
Over half a million women die each year due to complications during pregnancy and birth. In 2000, the estimated number of maternal deaths worldwide was 529,000. 95 per cent of these deaths occurred in Africa and Asia. In several countries the lifetime risk is greater than 1 in 10. For every woman who dies from obstetric complications, approximately 30 more suffer injuries, infection and disabilities. In 1999, for example, WHO estimated that over 2 million women living in developing countries remain untreated for obstetric fistula, a devastating injury of childbirth. There is no single cause of death and disability for men between the ages of 15 and 44 that is close to the magnitude of maternal death and disability.
Women living in poverty and in rural areas, and women belonging to ethnic minorities or indigenous populations, are among those particularly at risk. Globally, around 80 per cent of maternal deaths are due to obstetric complications; mainly haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, and prolonged or obstructed labour. Almost all cases of maternal mortality are preventable. An estimated 74 per cent of maternal deaths could be averted if all women had access to the interventions for preventing or treating pregnancy and birth complications, in particular emergency obstetric care.

Community participation
Participation in general sense is the involvement of the members of a particular community in the formulation of public policy and its implementation and usage. That is, it is the involvement of the local people in the development process of the community as a whole. (green 1986 and huff and kline, 1999). Participation means in its broadest sense, to mobilize people and thus, their willingness to respond to development programs, as well as to encourage local initiatives. Community participation involves organized effort to increase control over resources and regulate institutions in given social institutions on the part of groups or movements of those hither to exclusion from such control. (Huff and Kline, 1999) Quite often it is forgotten that community participation is more than the mere contribution of money, material or labor to a developmental program by the target group. It is even more than people getting involved in the planning, monitoring and implementation of programs, or sharing the benefits of such programs.

Community mobilization
It has long been advocated that communities should come together to make lasting improvements to their health and have a right to access high quality healthcare, as recognized by the Alma Ata Declaration made at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978: “The people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care”.
Local communities can be strengthened by coming together to plan, carry out, and evaluate activities to make sustained improvements to their health. This strengthening process is often referred to as community mobilization, which can make deep and lasting improvements to the health and well-being of communities. Communities can achieve improved health through increased knowledge to identify and address important healthcare needs.

Why community participation?
In Nepal, the main cause of maternal mortality is the three delays:
• Delay in seeking appropriate medical help for an obstetric emergency for reasons of cost, lack of recognition of an emergency, poor education, lack of access to information and gender inequality.
• Delay in reaching an appropriate facility for reasons of distance, infrastructure and transport.
• Delay in receiving adequate care when a facility is reached because there are shortages in staff, or because electricity, water or medical supplies are not available
Community participation is crucial because community people can work to duly cut down these delays. In rural areas, there is no proper transportation facility and a pregnant woman is manually carried off by the community people to the service center. If the community is able to help the family prepare for the delivery in advance, and take pregnant mother to the service center in time, the mortality can be reduced to a great extent. If community do not help any family to carry women to the center, it is more likely that the women will not reach the center.
In rural community, due to various reasons, women deliver in the home itself. This should be discouraged, and if it is not possible, should be conducted in the presence of skilled attendant.
Community participation can bring about various community based initiatives too. Maternal health has its relation directly with the society, and such initiatives can mean a lot to women. Pregnancy and delivery is a special situation and a family needs a lot of support. Thus community participation is always necessary, but more important to crucial stage like pregnancy and delivery to strengthen maternal health.

How community participation?
The community participation has helped to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity, especially in the rural community of Nepal, and across the globe. Certain things that have been brought about by community participation are as follows:
• Women’s Groups
The concept of women group has been very effective in addressing maternal health. It supports the group to identify and prioritize problems during pregnancy, childbirth and the newborn period, and to develop and evaluate strategies to overcome these problems. The initial meetings facilitate discussions on why mothers and newborns die in the community, and introduce the concept of ‘learning together’ to encourage the women to discuss problems within the group but also with their neighbors and friends. After each meeting, women return to their community to present their work at a community meeting stimulating wider health discussions. Therefore the impact of a women’s group is not just confined to group members but on the health of the community as a whole.

• Community Emergency funds
Women in rural areas often give birth at home with assistance from family members or a local traditional birth attendant (TBA). When these women face complications during their pregnancy, they often cannot afford transport to a healthcare professional. The community groups have therefore developed an emergency fund in Bangladesh, Nepal and Malawi, which can be used by any member in an emergency.

• Improved healthcare facilities
When women can access healthcare facilities they often lack privacy and comfortable furniture. In response, community people can contact a local forester and order resources to make new furniture and gathered material to make curtains. In this situation women are building links between the health service staff and user.

• Flags in pregnant homes
In many rural communities, people have placed a specific flag in home where pregnant women are living. It helps the community and community based health worker to identify such homes and if required, to take special care of such homes. Community people can consult those homes and ask them if they require any help.

• Stretcher
Women’s groups, in many communities, have managed to collect money to purchase a second hand stretcher for the village to ensure pregnant women can be moved easily to a clean and safe delivery place when they go into labor. In Nepal, where many villages are remote, half the women’s groups ran stretcher schemes. This had an additional benefit for the community because 90 per cent of the time the stretchers were used for other sick people not just mothers in labor.

• Clean home delivery kits
The World Health Organization advocates the use of clean home delivery kits as an effective way of reducing maternal and newborn infections. In Nepal and other developing countries, several examples are seen where the community people with support of the women’s groups developed their own delivery kits comprised of a blade, a bar of soap, three cord ties, a plastic coin for cord cutting, a plastic sheet, and a set of pictorial instructions. The groups then decided on the price and best selling location, and all profits went into the emergency fund.

• White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood (WRA)
Mali, Futures Group works with religious leaders and uses a “Grandmother Strategy” to encourage pregnant women to get their prenatal visits and for couples to discuss pregnancy openly, plan together for delivery, and use bednets.

• Other initiatives
A community based healthcare organization in Nepal had a short film about maternal and newborn care, but poor communities could not watch it due to a lack of electricity in their homes. Women community group approached those households which were fortunate enough to have electricity and a television, to show the video to members of the community. The women sang health promotion songs from the video at annual women’s festivals and played the songs on local buses.

The role of community can be especially crucial in:
 Increasing socio-cultural acceptance
Certain aspects of motherhood especially the taboos and social stigma have their origin in the society or community. Community can be a crucial matter in changing the attitude of the people on any matter. A women will always feel comfortable to attend a female doctor in her pregnancy, would like to attend a privacy maintained service center etc. These can be made accepted only by changing the attitude of the community. Maternal health is determined by the care a mother receives before and during pregnancy. A well empowered educated family always seeks proper care of the mother. Social discrimination and violence of the women, early marriage, and early age at first birth would contribute to unhealthy mother and child. These are all society and community related taboos.

 Men Involvement
Men are equally liable to a healthy child as is a woman. Male involvement in maternal health has shown to be a great relief to the health status if the mother and child. If a society is male dominating and the culture is such that men are not involved in these aspects, the health cannot be assured.
In Nepal too, until last year, men were not allowed to be present in the delivery ward because of social stigma. But these days, it has started becoming socially acceptable and thus the male involvement is increasing. Post natal care allowance to male is also a social initiative to improve maternal health.
Male involvement is now accepted in the society in urban areas. But in rural community, still, male involvement is not accepted and one involving is terms wife discriminated. However, a society can change the attitude and increase male involvement for maternal health.


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Nepal reduces maternal mortality rate

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Nepali government on Friday said that legalization of abortion helped Nepal reduce the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) immensely and that a six-month pilot project, which ran this year to implement Medical Abortion (MA) has shown signs that it will help decrease the rate further.

Abortion was legalized in Nepal in March, 2002. The immediate effect was reduction of MMR from 539 per 100,000 live births in 1996 to 289 in 2006. Nepal aims to bring down MMR to 134 by 2015, local newspaper The Kathmandu Post reported on Saturday.

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hospital waste management

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Background

The waste produced in the course of health-care activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury. Therefore, it is essential to have safe and reliable method for its handling; else waste may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on environment. Appropriate management of health-care waste is thus a crucial component. The management of hospital waste poses to be a major problem in most of the countries, and in recent years, medical waste disposal has posed even more difficulties with the appearance of disposable needles, syringes, and other similar items. Around 250,000 tonnes of medical waste is annually produced from all sorts of health care facilities in the country. This type of waste has contaminating affect on the environment. According to a report, 15 tonnes of waste is produced daily in Punjab. The rate of generation is 1.8 kilograms per day per bed. The province houses 250 hospitals with a total capacity of 41,000 beds.

Definition
Hospital Waste Management means the management of waste produced by hospitals using such techniques that will help to check the spread of diseases through it. According to bio medical waste (Management and handling) rules, 1998 of India, "Bio-medical waste" is any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in production or testing of biological.

Types
Hospital wastes are categorised according to their weight, density and constituents. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has classified medical waste into different categories. These are:
1. Infectious: material-containing pathogens in sufficient concentrations or quantities that, if exposed, can cause diseases. This includes waste from surgery and autopsies on patients with infectious diseases
2. Sharps: disposable needles, syringes, saws, blades, broken glasses, nails or any other item that could cause a cut
3. Pathological: tissues, organs, body parts, human flesh, fetuses, blood and body fluids
4. Pharmaceuticals: drugs and chemicals that are returned from wards, spilled, outdated, contaminated, or are no longer required
5. Radioactive: solids, liquids and gaseous waste contaminated with radioactive substances used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases like toxic goiter
6. Others: waste from the offices, kitchens, rooms, including bed linen, utensils, paper, etc.

Hazards caused by hospital wastes
Exposure to hazardous health care waste can result in disease or injury due to one or more of the following characteristics:
1. Hazards from infectious waste and sharps:
Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin, through mucous membranes by inhalation or by ingestion. There is particular concern about infection with HIV and hepatitis virus Band C, for which there is a strong evidence of transmission via health-care waste. Bacteria's resistant to antibiotics and chemical disinfectant may also contribute to the hazards created by poor managed waste. waste contains infectious agents on which flies sit and cuase diseases like diarrhea,dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, Cholera; or malaria and yellow fever caused by mosquito; or transmission of plague and flea born fever by dogs and cats.Infectious waste can cause diseases like Hepatitis A & B, AIDS, Typhoid, Boils, etc.
2. Hazards from chemical and pharmaceutical waste:
Many of the chemicals and pharmaceuticals used in health-care establishment are toxic, genotoxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive, explosive and shock-sensitive. Although present in small quantity they may cause intoxication, either by acute or chronic exposure, and injuries, including burns. Disinfectants are particularly important members of this group. They are used in large quantities and are often corrosive, reactive, chemicals may form highly toxic secondary compounds.
3. Hazards from genotoxic waste:
The hazards for health-care workers responsible for handling or disposal of genotoxic waste is due to combination of the substance toxicity itself and the extent and duration of exposure. Exposure may also occur during the preparation of or treatment with particular drug. The main pathway of exposure is inhalation of dust or aerosols, absorption through the skin , ingestion of food accidentally contaminated with cytotoxic drugs, chemicals or wastes etc.
4.Hazards from radioactive substances:
The type of disease caused by radioactive waste is determined by the types and extent of exposure. It can range from headache, dizziness and vomiting to much and more serious problems. Because it is genotoxic, it may also affect genetic material.
5. Public sensitivity:
Apart from health hazards, the general public is very sensitive to visual impact of health-care waste particularly anatomical waste.

Situation of hospital waste generation in Nepal- in a nutshell

This study clearly shows scenarios of technology and management practice - almost all health facilities were found focusing only on solid waste management mostly by method of incineration. Many different types of incineration system were installed at different point of times. 70% percent of the incinerators were found not working properly as planned due to the lack of skilled man power, spare parts, high fuel consumption, cultural and public objection and lack of management commitment.

Management of hospital waste:
There are various methods of safely disposing the hospital waste, which is chosen according to the type of waste and best convenience for the hospital.

Incineration
Incineration is a high temperature dry oxidation process, that reduces organic and comusible waste to organic incombustible matters and results in a very significant reduction of volume waste and weight. So, this process is usually selected to treat waste that cannot be recycled, reused or disposed off in a land fill site.
Incineration is the widest used technique in hospital waste management due as:
 thought to be the best method of eliminating any infectious organisms that are present in medical waste.
 has been economical for hospitals because it substantially reduces the volume to be disposed of in a landfill.
But, both of these assumptions behind medical waste incineration are no longer able to support objective scrutiny. Waste is burnt at very high temperatures, that produce emissions full of acidic gases, heavy metals, toxic organisms and dioxins. There is a lot of ash produced by an incinerator as well.

Steam Autoclaving
Steam Autoclaving is the most widely used and most efficient alternative medical-waste-treatment technology. In autoclaves, the effects of heat from saturated steam and increased pressure decontaminate medical waste by inactivating and destroying microorganisms.Most available autoclaves are designed to handle both biohazard and normal hospital wastes simultaneously. However, they cannot treat pathological animal wastes, chemotherapy wastes, and low level radioactive wastes. These wastes have to be treated separately.

Screw feed technology:
It is a non-burn, dry thermal disinfection process in which waste is shredded and heated in a rotating auger. This process is suitable for treating infectious waste and sharps, but cannot be used for pathological, cytotoxic and radioactive waste.

Chemical Treatment
In chemical treatment systems, an anti-microbial chemical, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, or peracetic acid, decontaminates the medical waste. This process results to disinfection rather than sterilization. It is suitable for liquid waste such as blood, urine, stools or hospital sewage. Most chemical treatment systems, currently in use, operate at ambient temperature.

Inertization
The process of inertization involves mixing waste with cement and other substances before disposal, in order to minimize risk of toxic substances contained in the waste migrating into the surface water .A homogenous mass is formed and cubes or pallets are produced on site and then transmitted to suitable storage sites.

Land disposal
For some wastes that cannot be actually treated before disposal, they are dumped into the ground, either in land open dumps, or in sanitary land fills. But, these type of dumping sites need to be far off then the residential area so as to hinder the risk of any person or animal coming to its contact.

Microwave Radiation
In Microwave Radiation, medical waste enters the system by batch or continuous mode, where it is wetted with steam or water and heated by microwave radiation at de-contaminating temperatures.

Other Thermal Systems
Some systems use a combination of infrared radiation and forced hot-air convection to treat the waste. The waste then is compacted, preparing it for landfill. Other systems use gamma radiation to heat the waste to disinfecting temperatures. A portion of the solid residue obtained is recycled, while the remainder is disposed. Several other thermal systems currently under development use steam, oil, electricity or some form of radiation as their source of heat.

Disposal of Pathological waste
As mentioned above, Pathological waste (body parts, research animals, etc.) cannot be disposed off by autoclaving. For disposal of such waste, either Crematoria (burning of the body) or burial should be performed.

Simsar Ponds
These ponds are basically based on the concept of constructed wet land. Among the two ponds one is vertical flow bed and another horizontal flow bed to treat healthcare liquid waste except lab chemicals. The size of both beds can also vary as per site condition and quantity of liquid waste. This wastewater treatment plant can also be constructed in circular shape so that it occupies less ground area.

Compost Box
This is designed for biodegradable waste from healthcare facilities. This double-roomed compost box can be used for hospital staff quarter also. Healthcare risk waste is prohibited for this compost box.

Lab Waste Treatment Pit
This is simple, leak-proof underground pit for lab wastewater collection and treatment. After treating the liquid waste in this pit, it can be disposed off in safe area.

Compost Box
This is designed for biodegradable waste from healthcare facilities. This double-roomed compost box can be used for hospital staff quarter also. Healthcare risk waste is prohibited for this compost box.

Store for Plastics and bottles
This store is designed to transmit the message that Healthcare waste can be a valuable resource. Recycle plastic and all type of glass bottles have resale value in local market and in India. This helps to minimise the environmental impact by burning the plastic and also helps to generate income for healthcare facilities.


Reference:
1. Park K. (2005). Preventive and social medicine (18th ed.), Hospital waste management (pg.438) M/s Banarasidas Bhanot publishers
2. A Tom approach to implementation of handling and management of hospital waste in tata main hospital (2005), pg 5
3. Ministry of health, Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal, June 2003
4. Jayendra bhatta: Situation of healthcare waste management in nepal and an effort for improvement at resource poor settings




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